{"id":7110,"date":"2023-12-11T20:39:59","date_gmt":"2023-12-11T19:39:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.waterholistic.com\/2023\/12\/11\/tanzania\/"},"modified":"2024-02-01T15:36:30","modified_gmt":"2024-02-01T14:36:30","slug":"tanzania","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.waterholistic.com\/sk\/2023\/12\/11\/tanzania\/","title":{"rendered":"Tanz\u00e1nia"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Potenci\u00e1lne v\u00fdzvy pre obnovu kl\u00edmy v Tanz\u00e1nii v d\u00f4sledku zmeny hospod\u00e1renia s da\u017e\u010fovou vodou<\/b><\/h1>\n<\/div>\n

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Jednou z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdziev, ktor\u00fdm \u010del\u00ed modern\u00e1 civiliz\u00e1cia, je zabezpe\u010denie obnovy pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch zdrojov, ktor\u00e9 by poskytli dostatok pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch zdrojov pre rast\u00facu popul\u00e1ciu Zeme v prijate\u013en\u00fdch klimatick\u00fdch podmienkach. T\u00fdka sa to aj Tanz\u00e1nie s viac ako 60 mili\u00f3nmi obyvate\u013eov.<\/p>\n

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Najnov\u0161ie vedeck\u00e9 poznatky o \u010dasov\u00fdch a priestorov\u00fdch zmen\u00e1ch v rozlo\u017een\u00ed zr\u00e1\u017eok pon\u00fakaj\u00fa nov\u00fd poh\u013ead na pr\u00ed\u010diny t\u00fdchto zmien a mo\u017en\u00e9 rie\u0161enia. Ak sa pozrieme na charakter mesa\u010dn\u00fdch zr\u00e1\u017eok v Tanz\u00e1nii, tak okrem sez\u00f3nnosti (obdobia da\u017e\u010fov a sucha) je tu e\u0161te jedna d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 \u00fazemn\u00e1 skuto\u010dnos\u0165. Vo vn\u00fatrozem\u00ed zis\u0165ujeme, \u017ee sa tu vyskytuj\u00fa nielen dlh\u0161ie obdobia sucha, ale aj celkovo menej zr\u00e1\u017eok. V okrajov\u00fdch \u010dastiach Tanz\u00e1nie ro\u010dne napr\u0161\u00ed viac ako 1 000 mm a vo vn\u00fatrozem\u00ed len pribli\u017ene 600 mm. Obdobie sucha vo vn\u00fatrozem\u00ed trv\u00e1 a\u017e 8 mesiacov, zatia\u013e \u010do v okrajov\u00fdch \u010dastiach v priemere 4 zimn\u00e9 mesiace. Dalo by sa predpoklada\u0165, \u017ee ide o prirodzen\u00e9 charakteristiky, ale nie je to tak.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.waterholistic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Picture-1.jpg” title_text=”Zr\u00e1\u017eky v Tanz\u00e1nii” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Signika||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_font_size=”15px” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

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V d\u00e1vnej hist\u00f3rii sa da\u017e\u010fov\u00e9 mraky tvorili ove\u013ea viac horizont\u00e1lne, a preto je potrebn\u00e9 diagnostikova\u0165 pr\u00ed\u010diny t\u00fdchto zmien, ktor\u00e9 nastali. Z h\u013eadiska bud\u00faceho potenci\u00e1lu a udr\u017eate\u013en\u00e9ho rozvoja tohto vz\u00e1cneho regi\u00f3nu je potrebn\u00e9 pozna\u0165 viac s\u00favislost\u00ed. To m\u00f4\u017ee v\u00fdrazne posun\u00fa\u0165 vpred nielen ochranu pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch zdrojov krajiny, ale aj presadzovanie dlhodob\u00fdch z\u00e1ujmov po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej politiky v prospech potravinovej bezpe\u010dnosti v s\u00falade s environment\u00e1lnou politikou krajiny. To sa d\u00e1 dosiahnu\u0165 podporou t\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch projektov v riaden\u00ed krajiny, ktor\u00e9 posil\u0148uj\u00fa vodn\u00fa bilanciu v mal\u00fdch vodn\u00fdch cykloch s cie\u013eom skr\u00e1ti\u0165 obdobie bez da\u017e\u010fa. Zatia\u013e je to naopak.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Ak sa Tanz\u00e1nia bude sna\u017ei\u0165 o syst\u00e9mov\u00fa zmenu a posiln\u00ed vodn\u00e9 zdroje krajiny na ekosyst\u00e9movom z\u00e1klade, potom sa m\u00f4\u017eu odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 \u0161kody vo vn\u00fatrozem\u00ed krajiny a za\u010da\u0165 procesy obnovy ve\u013ekej \u010dasti po\u0161kodenej Tanz\u00e1nie. Ak bude tanz\u00e1nijsk\u00e1 politika pokra\u010dova\u0165 v starej vodnej paradigme[1], v bud\u00facnosti sa zv\u00fd\u0161ia rizik\u00e1 hospod\u00e1rskeho rozvoja krajiny priamo \u00famerne strate \u00farodnosti, biodiverzity a prehrievaniu krajiny.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Zn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm vodnej bilancie oblasti d\u00f4jde v centr\u00e1lnej \u010dasti Tanz\u00e1nie k e\u0161te v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iemu \u00fabytku zr\u00e1\u017eok s pred\u013a\u017een\u00edm bezzr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9ho obdobia a, samozrejme, s \u010dastej\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdskytom intenz\u00edvnych lejakov s rozsiahlymi povod\u0148ov\u00fdmi \u0161kodami. To sp\u00f4sob\u00ed n\u00e1rast sucha a stratu \u00farodnosti na e\u0161te v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej \u010dasti \u00fazemia, ako je tomu v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti. So suchom rast\u00fa aj extr\u00e9my po\u010dasia ,s n\u00e1rastom extr\u00e9mnych pr\u00edvalov\u00fdch da\u017e\u010fov a \u010dastej\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdskytom rozsiahlych povodn\u00ed. To je spojen\u00e9 s \u010fal\u0161ou degrad\u00e1ciou p\u00f4dy a stratou \u00farodnosti.<\/p>\n

Tieto zmeny s\u00fa sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00edm tepla v krajine. Z vyschnutej\u0161ej p\u00f4dy sa vyparuje menej vody a namiesto vyparenej vody a produkcie latentn\u00e9ho tepla sa produkuje cite\u013en\u00e9 teplo. T\u00fdm sa men\u00ed Bowenov pomer. S vysychan\u00edm krajiny sa zvy\u0161uje Bowenov pomer[2] a menia sa tlakov\u00e9 pomery v atmosf\u00e9re. Preto v t\u00fdch oblastiach, kde sa zvy\u0161uje Bowenov pomer, klesaj\u00fa \u00fahrny zr\u00e1\u017eok, preto\u017ee na cite\u013en\u00e9 teplo sa spotrebuje menej slne\u010dnej energie a naopak.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u010c\u00edm ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed je Bowenov pomer, t\u00fdm viac slne\u010dnej energie sa premie\u0148a na latentn\u00e9 teplo, ktor\u00e9 sa pren\u00e1\u0161a do vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch vrstiev atmosf\u00e9ry a tam sa po kondenz\u00e1cii vodnej pary a vytvoren\u00ed rosn\u00e9ho bodu zr\u00e1\u017ea vodn\u00e1 para a pr\u0161\u00ed. Vn\u00fatrozemie Tanz\u00e1nie potrebuje viac da\u017e\u010fa. To sa d\u00e1 dosiahnu\u0165 pr\u00e1ve zn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm Bowenovho pomeru. Ten posiln\u00ed biotick\u00fa pumpu[3], ktor\u00e1 vybud\u00ed tvorbu horizont\u00e1lnych zr\u00e1\u017eok, a tak je mo\u017en\u00e9 predpoklada\u0165 zn\u00ed\u017eenie v\u00fdskytu dramatick\u00fdch extr\u00e9mnych pr\u00edvalov\u00fdch da\u017e\u010fov, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa \u010dasto ni\u010div\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky s tvorbou rozsiahlych povodn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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Ve\u013emi dobre vieme, \u017ee voda sa vracia v malom vodnom cykle pribli\u017ene raz za 8 dn\u00ed. Voda vo ve\u013ekom vodnom cykle sa vracia raz za 3 mesiace. Vieme tie\u017e, \u017ee voda, ktor\u00e1 sa vyparuje cez veget\u00e1ciu a vytv\u00e1ra oblaky po kondenz\u00e1cii v chladn\u00fdch vrstv\u00e1ch atmosf\u00e9ry, sa vracia na Zem vo forme da\u017e\u010fa pri rosnom bode. Tento cyklus sa opakuje nespo\u010detnekr\u00e1t, a tak zabezpe\u010duje trval\u00fa obnovu \u017eivota na Zemi. V s\u00fa\u010dinnosti s energiou Slnka a kolobehom uhl\u00edka je to najd\u00f4myselnej\u0161ia “tov\u00e1re\u0148” na zrod v\u0161etk\u00e9ho \u017eiv\u00e9ho prostredn\u00edctvom fotosynt\u00e9zy. To je to, \u010do pr\u00edroda a \u010dlovek potrebuj\u00fa pre svoj \u017eivot.<\/p>\n

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Ak sa podrobne pozrieme na Tanz\u00e1niu, zist\u00edme, \u017ee krajina by bola schopn\u00e1 spotrebova\u0165 viac vody. Ot\u00e1zkou je, \u010di je mo\u017en\u00e9 tento deficit vyrie\u0161i\u0165. Zmenou vyu\u017e\u00edvania krajiny tak, aby sa obnovili mal\u00e9 vodn\u00e9 cykly a aby sa vy\u0161\u0161ie zr\u00e1\u017eky vyskytovali aj vo vn\u00fatrozem\u00ed, je mo\u017en\u00e9 posilni\u0165 nielen hydromorfizmus such\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, ale aj \u010dastej\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskyt da\u017e\u010fov.<\/p>\n

Obdobie bez da\u017e\u010fa prin\u00e1\u0161a aj \u010fal\u0161ie rizik\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 obmedzuj\u00fa pr\u00edrodn\u00e9, klimatick\u00e9, soci\u00e1lne a hospod\u00e1rske prostredie Tanz\u00e1nie. Zatia\u013e \u010do na okrajoch Tanz\u00e1nie pr\u0161\u00ed viac a silnej\u0161ie, vo vn\u00fatrozem\u00ed pr\u0161\u00ed najmenej, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje, \u017ee krajina trp\u00ed nedostatkom vody a prehrievan\u00edm. Prehrievan\u00edm vysu\u0161enej krajiny sa toti\u017e vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00e9 tepeln\u00e9 ostrovy v hrani\u010dnej vrstve atmosf\u00e9ry, ktor\u00e9 neumo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa vlhk\u00fdm vzduchov\u00fdm hmot\u00e1m od mora putova\u0165 na pevninu a z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa z nich vyparuje ve\u013emi m\u00e1lo vody. Navy\u0161e aj to m\u00e1lo vody, ktor\u00e9 sa vypar\u00ed, sa v d\u00f4sledku fungovania biotickej pumpy pres\u00fava v atmosf\u00e9re do chladnej\u0161\u00edch oblast\u00ed[4] krajiny, tak\u017ee v t\u00fdchto \u010dastiach krajiny pr\u0161\u00ed viac a intenz\u00edvnej\u0161ie.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee po\u0161koden\u00edm krajiny sa vypr\u00e1zd\u0148uj\u00fa mal\u00e9 vodn\u00e9 cykly, \u010do zvy\u0161uje teplotu krajiny a nerovnomern\u00fd v\u00fdskyt zr\u00e1\u017ekovej \u010dinnosti. To plat\u00ed vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u010dastiach sveta, kde sa krajina zmenila. Medzi pr\u00ed\u010diny patr\u00ed: dlhodob\u00e9 vysychanie tak\u00fdchto oblast\u00ed s postupn\u00fdm poklesom zr\u00e1\u017eok, strata \u00farodnosti, strata biodiverzity a premena zelenej krajiny na p\u00fa\u0161\u0165. K tomu s najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou pravdepodobnos\u0165ou do\u0161lo pred 5 500 rokmi v oblasti Sahary. Tu proces premeny zelenej krajiny trval 500 rokov.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Africk\u00e9 krajiny m\u00f4\u017eu tieto degrada\u010dn\u00e9 procesy nielen zastavi\u0165, ale aj za\u010da\u0165 ich obnovu. Jednou z t\u00fdchto sn\u00e1h je vysadenie stromov vo Ve\u013ekom zelenom m\u00fare na Sahare, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 zastavi\u0165 \u0161\u00edrenie p\u00fa\u0161te vysaden\u00edm mili\u00f3nov stromov. Tieto stromy potrebuj\u00fa na pre\u017eitie vodu. Z tohto h\u013eadiska vznik\u00e1 pre tento pl\u00e1n nieko\u013eko riz\u00edk, ktor\u00e9 s\u00favisia s mo\u017enos\u0165ou pre\u017eitia saden\u00edc vysaden\u00fdch v obdob\u00ed sucha, ktor\u00e9 v tejto oblasti trv\u00e1 viac ako pol roka.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Ak vych\u00e1dzame z fyziky distrib\u00facie slne\u010dnej energie, je zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee mno\u017estvo zr\u00e1\u017eok kles\u00e1 s rast\u00facim prehrievan\u00edm krajiny suchom, tak\u017ee s\u00fastredi\u0165 sa na v\u00fdsadbu stromov v oblasti, kde pol roka nepr\u0161\u00ed, je pr\u00e1ca s malou \u0161ancou na \u00faspech. Ve\u013ek\u00e1 zelen\u00e1 stena, ktor\u00e1 vznik\u00e1 v oblasti, kde zr\u00e1\u017eky dosahuj\u00fa sotva 400 mm, je d\u00f4kazom toho, \u017ee by sa to nemalo robi\u0165. Ove\u013ea \u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom je vypracova\u0165 komplexn\u00fa revitaliz\u00e1ciu krajiny z t\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed Afriky, kde pr\u0161\u00ed viac a kde hrozia z\u00e1plavy. Ak by sa v oblasti Tanz\u00e1nie zaviedli opatrenia na zadr\u017eiavanie vody a skombinovali by sa s pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm organick\u00fdch hnoj\u00edv, po\u0161koden\u00e1 krajina by sa mohla ve\u013emi r\u00fdchlo obnovi\u0165, \u010do by spustilo z\u00farod\u0148ovanie ve\u013ek\u00fdch nehostinn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a ozdravenie kl\u00edmy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00e9 zadr\u017eiavanie da\u017e\u010fovej vody v krajine, ktor\u00e1 ka\u017edoro\u010dne odv\u00e1dza ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo da\u017e\u010fovej vody s organick\u00fdmi hnojivami, zv\u00fd\u0161i \u00farodnos\u0165 tejto \u010dasti \u00fazemia, posiln\u00ed potravinov\u00fa bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 a hospod\u00e1rsky rast, ozdrav\u00ed kl\u00edmu, zv\u00fd\u0161i vodn\u00e9 zdroje a \u00farodnos\u0165 p\u00f4dy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Ochlad\u00ed krajinu nato\u013eko, \u017ee biotick\u00e1 pumpa sa posiln\u00ed paradoxne jemnej\u0161\u00edm nas\u00e1van\u00edm vlhk\u00fdch front\u00e1lnych syst\u00e9mov z Indick\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu do vn\u00fatrozemia Tanz\u00e1nie. Samozrejme, s podporou obnovy mal\u00fdch vodn\u00fdch cyklov. To s\u00favis\u00ed s n\u00e1vratom straten\u00fdch zr\u00e1\u017eok aj v mesiacoch, ke\u010f pr\u00e1ve nepr\u0161\u00ed. Systematick\u00fdm pl\u00e1novan\u00edm a realiz\u00e1ciou obnovy po\u0161kodenej krajiny v centr\u00e1lnej \u010dasti krajiny Tanz\u00e1nia je mo\u017en\u00e9 dlhodobo z\u00farodni\u0165 viac ako 100 000 km2 m\u00e1lo \u00farodnej p\u00f4dy. Mo\u017eno je mo\u017en\u00e9 aj viac, ale je potrebn\u00e9 urobi\u0165 d\u00f4kladn\u00fa invent\u00faru stavu krajiny s definovan\u00edm mo\u017enost\u00ed. Z\u00e1sady tohto rie\u0161enia s\u00fa op\u00edsan\u00e9 v Novej vodnej paradigme z roku 2007[1].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Odhadujeme, \u017ee v priebehu 10 rokov by sa t\u00fdm zv\u00fd\u0161ili vn\u00fatrozemsk\u00e9 zr\u00e1\u017eky aspo\u0148 o 100 mm ro\u010dne a roz\u0161\u00edrilo by sa z\u00farod\u0148ovanie p\u00f4dy v nehostinnej vyprahnutej krajine a zastavila by sa \u010fal\u0161ia degrad\u00e1cia. V Tanz\u00e1nii by na takomto programe mohlo pracova\u0165 a\u017e 1 mili\u00f3n \u013eud\u00ed. Ich pr\u00e1ca by priniesla \u00faplne nov\u00fa perspekt\u00edvu hospod\u00e1rskeho rozvoja zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na obnove pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch zdrojov. V Tanz\u00e1nii by sa mohlo naplno rozvin\u00fa\u0165 zelen\u00e9 hospod\u00e1rstvo. Pr\u00ednosom tohto rie\u0161enia bude dlhodob\u00e9 z\u00farod\u0148ovanie p\u00f4dy ukladan\u00edm uhl\u00edka do p\u00f4dy. Na fotosynt\u00e9zu je potrebn\u00fdch viac ako 500 mili\u00f3nov ton CO2 pr\u00edtomn\u00e9ho v atmosf\u00e9re. Odhadujeme, \u017ee po realiz\u00e1cii cel\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu by sa do p\u00f4dy prostredn\u00edctvom fotosynt\u00e9zy dostalo viac ako 150 mili\u00f3nov ton \u010dist\u00e9ho uhl\u00edka.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Ak by sa africk\u00e9 krajiny spojili a postupovali podobne koordinovane, mohli by postupne z\u00farodni\u0165 p\u00f4du a obnovi\u0165 nehostinn\u00e9 \u00fazemia Afriky. Pre Tanz\u00e1niu je ve\u013ekou v\u00fdzvou, aby i\u0161la pr\u00edkladom ostatn\u00fdm africk\u00fdm krajin\u00e1m, ako obnovi\u0165 straten\u00fd d\u00e1\u017e\u010f.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Svet je na pokraji z\u00e1sadn\u00fdch zmien. Obnovte to, \u010do predch\u00e1dzaj\u00face gener\u00e1cie zni\u010dili. M\u00e1me na v\u00fdber. Zosta\u0165 v starej paradigme a pokra\u010dova\u0165 v konfliktoch o pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 zdroje, alebo sa vyda\u0165 cestou obnovy zdrojov, o ktor\u00e9 sme pri\u0161li. Je to v\u00fdzva aj pre Tanz\u00e1niu, africk\u00e9 krajiny a krajiny na celom svete, ktor\u00e9 trpia vodnou, potravinovou, environment\u00e1lnou, soci\u00e1lnou a klimatickou kr\u00edzou.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Michal Krav\u010d\u00edk, WaterHolistic, Ltd., Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.0″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Signika||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_font_size=”15px”]<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> New Water Paradigm, 2007, www.waterparadigm.org<\/a><\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/experimental-hydrology.net\/wiki\/index.php?title=Evapotranspiration_(Bowen_Ratio)_-_Psychrometer<\/a><\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/26454382_Biotic_pump_of_atmospheric_moisture_as_driver_of_the_hydrological_cycle_on_land<\/a><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>Here, the 2nd thermodynamic theorem applies, which means that heat propagates from the source.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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